Holistic optimization of low-carbon buildings integrating phase-change walls and photovoltaics

Based on the concept of building life cycle, a decarbonization optimization model for office buildings in cold zone, combining active and passive design strategies, is established to explore the synergistic optimization solution of energy savings, economic, and environmental benefits during the building life cycle. Through in-depth analysis of embodied and operational aspects, the intrinsic connection between the building’s design and its actual operation is revealed, and potential directions for future optimization are highlighted. Compared to the baseline building in cold zone, the optimal solution reduces energy consumption by 59.47% and whole-life carbon emissions by 33.95% despite a modest 11.12% increase in the life cycle cost. This underscores the profound effectiveness of energy-saving and low-carbon design strategies throughout the building life cycle. Moreover, the proactive design of photovoltaic power generation technology is identified as a crucial strategy for transforming buildings towards energy-saving and low-carbon development.